Internet Surfer 2.0/Internet Surfer 2.0 (Wayzata Technology) (1996).iso/pc/text/mac/faqs.368

Text File | 1996-02-12 | 29KB | 594 lines

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.368



    Just the thing if you want to write a new MUA.

    Contact the author for more details.

Metamail: Author N. Borenstein
    [Described by Paul Eggert, [e-mail]]

    Metamail is a software implementation of Mime, designed for easy
    integration with traditional mail-reading interfaces -- typically,
    users do not invoke metamail directly.  Ideally, extending the local
    email or news system to handle a new media format is a simple matter
    of adding a line to a mailcap file.  Mailcap files are described in
    RFC 1343: N Borenstein, ``A user agent configuration mechanism for
    multimedia mail format information'' (June 1992).  The source code
    for metamail can be found in ftp.uu.net:mail/metamail/mm.tar.Z.
    To join its mailing list, write [e-mail].


MailManager: Author Mark Crispin <[e-mail]>

    A MUA implemented using C-Client for NeXT computers.

Pine: Authors Lundblade, Seibel, and Crispin <[e-mail]>

    Pine is a mailer developed by the University of Washington Office of
    Computing and Communications. It has been designed for ease-of-use and
    with the novice computer user in mind. It is based on Internet mail
    protocols (e.g. RFC-822, SMTP, IMAP, and MIME) and currently runs on
    a variety of UNIX platforms.

    The guiding principles for achieving ease-of-use in Pine were:
    careful limitation of features, one-character mnemonic commands,
    always-present command menus, immediate user feedback, and high
    tolerance for user mistakes. It is intended that Pine can be learned
    by exploration rather than reading manuals.

    A stand-alone version of Pico, Pine's message composition editor, is also
    included. It is a very simple and easy to use text editor with text
    justification and a spelling checker.

    Features:
       - Mail index showing a message summary which includes the status,
     sender, size, date and subject of messages.

       - View and process mail with the following commands:  forward, reply,
     save, export, print, delete, capture address and search.

       - Address book for saving long complex addresses and personal
     distribution lists under a nickname.

       - Multiple folders and folder management screen for filing messages.

       - Message composer with easy-to-use editor and spelling checker.
     The message composer also assists entering and formatting
     addresses and provides direct access to the address book.

       - Online help specific to each screen and context.

       - Supports access to remote mail repositories via the IMAP2 protocol
     defined in RFC-1176.

       - Soon to support multi-part mail conforming to proposed MIME Internet
     standard, allowing sending of sounds, graphics such as GIF and TIFF
     files, and binary files such as spreadsheets.

    Pine, including source code, is freely available via anonymous FTP from
    ftp.cac.washington.edu on the Internet. Other provisions for distribution
    have not been made. From the Internet, you may try out Pine and leave
    comments by telneting to "demo.cac.washington.edu" and logging in as
    "pinedemo". To join the Pine mailing list for announcements send a
    request to "[e-mail]".

    Pine is very portable and runs on a variety of UNIX machines including
    DECstations, NeXTs, VAX's and Suns. Pine was originally based on Elm,
    but it has evolved much since, ("Pine Is No-longer Elm").

    For further information send e-mail to [e-mail]. Pine is
    the work of Mike Siebel, Mark Crispin, and Laurence Lundblade at the
    University of Washington.

|Ream: Author: Paul Dourish* <[e-mail]>
|
|    Ream is a curses-based mail user agent for a variety of UNIX flavours;
|    at one time or another, it's run on everything from a PC running Linux
|    to a Cray Y/MP running UNICOS. It was originally written at the
|    University of Edinburgh, and has spread not least through the
|    subsequent geographical distribution of alumni. It remains minimally
|    supported by its author (Paul Dourish <[e-mail]>).
|
|    Ream is similar to elm in a number of ways, but considerably smaller
|    and with a stronger separation between MUA and MTA behaviours. It runs
|    over sendmail, mmdf and PP. It is available by anonymous ftp from
|    parcftp.xerox.com, in pub/europarc/reamXXX.tar.Z, where XXX is a
|    slowly incrementing version number.

uumail:

    Uumail is a very old and obsolete precursor to smail 2.5.  Included
    here only because I know that uumail sites still exist.  You
    should not install uumail in new configurations, and existing
    uumail sites should convert to something more modern.

smail 2.5: author The UUCP Mapping Project

    Smail 2.5 is a small, simple and hard-coded rule MTA for use on
    UUCP networks.  It understands RFC compliant headers, will
    generate RFC compliant Internet-style headers, can
    use domains, aliases, a pathalias UUCP routing database, and
    is very simple to install.  For full functionality, you will
    also want pathalias and a map unpacker.  The one thing
    it cannot do by itself is mail-to-pipe and mail-to-file aliasing.
    For that, you need Zeeff's lmail, deliver or procmail.

    Smail 2.5 has the capability of coalescing addresses into single
    UUCP transfers, and knows how to query UUCP for the names
    of UUCP neighbors, and autoroute if necessary.

    Smail 2.5 has a few bugs that are (usually) pretty rarely seen
    in operation.  There have been a number of patches posted for it,
    but it is recommended that you do not apply them - some were
    ill-conceived, buggy in their own right, or conflicting with others.
    The only patches that I feel safe in recommending is Chip
    Salzenberg's patches for use with Xenix MICNET - which are
    unnecessary unless you are in the unfortunate position of having
    to actually *use* MICNET.  In particular, do not apply the
    "mail-to-pipe/file" patches that float around for smail 2.5.
    This is a major security hole.

    Smail 2.5 can also be used with sendmail as a UUCP router.

    Smail 2.5 was posted in comp.sources.unix in 1987, volume 18.

lmail: Author Jon Zeeff <[e-mail], [e-mail]>

    When you install smail 2.5, you link the original /bin/mail (binmail
    above) to /bin/lmail to perform the task of actually delivering the
    mail to the user's mailbox (LDA).

    Since smail 2.5 was not capable of doing mail-to-pipe and mail-to-file
    aliasing, Jon Zeeff wrote a replacement lmail that implemented
    these (along with user mailbox delivery).

    Jon's program is okay for casual use, but has some pretty serious
    bugs.  Fixed versions are available, but you're probably better
    off installing deliver or procmail.

smail 3: Author Ronald S. Karr* <[e-mail]> and Landon Curt Noll.

    Smail3.1 is a domain-capable mail router and delivery program that
    works in the UUCP zone and on the Internet and that is capable of
    gatewaying between the two.  It was written primarily by me (Ronald
    S.  Karr) and Landon Curt Noll, with the blessings of the original
    Smail1 and Smail2 authors.

    Smail3 supports SMTP, UUCP mail, alias files, .forward files, mailing
    list directories, pathalias files, /etc/hosts files, the domain name
    system, and can also query uucp for neighboring sites, automatically.
    It also supports use of encapsulated SMTP commands for delivery over
    UUCP connections, which allows batching of multiple messages into a
    single UUCP transaction, and allows many addresses to be passed with a
    single message transfer, which can greatly decrease the traffic
    generated for large mailing lists.  It is also very simple to configure
    with a reasonable certainty of correctness.

    Smail3 includes pathalias and a reliable map unpacker.

    Rather than using configuration files to resolve addresses based on
    their syntax, ala sendmail, Smail3 uses a database metaphore for
    resolving addresses based on their contents.  The set of methods that
    Smail3 uses for resolving local addresses and hosts is configurable and
    extensible.  Smail3's methods for parsing addresses are not
    configurable.  It is the opinion of the authors that addressing on the
    Internet and in the UUCP zone has become sufficiently standardized that
    attempts to allow configurability in this area are now a hindrance to
    the correct working of the network.

    Questions related to Smail3 are usually discussed in comp.mail.misc.
    There are also two discussion mailing lists.  To join the mailing
    lists, send mail to:

    [e-mail]

    The current release of Smail3 can be found on uunet, in the file
    /archive/networking/mail/smail/smail-3.1.28.tar.Z.  New versions
    are released on a haphazard basis.  Official releases are always
    made available in the /archive/networking/mail/smail directory
    on uunet.

    Smail 3 is covered under the GPL (if it matters)


sendmail: Original author Eric Allman

    Sendmail is the granddaddy of all intelligent MTA's.  It can do just
    about anything.  It's main problem is that it can do just about
    anything.  Modification of sendmail's configuration tables (which is
    necessary with most vendor-supplied versions) is NOT for novices.
    The language of the sendmail.cf is cryptic, but that isn't really
    the problem (and this problem can be solved by using "EASE", a
    sendmail.cf writing language, or the UIUC IDA kit's configuration
    file building tools).  The problem is that it's extremely difficult
    to know when the rules you are implementing are the right thing--
    many sendmail configurations do slightly buggy, or even extremely
    buggy, things (eg: some major mail gateways munge From: headers in
    illegal ways).  The default configurations generated by the UIUC
    IDA kit are, however, very good at Doing the Right Thing under most,
    if not all, circumstances.

    Worse, every vendor's version of sendmail is different, and many
    of their sendmail.cf's don't work at all  HPUX is one example
    of where the sendmail.cf is actually pretty sane.  HP is to
    be congratulated.  On the other hand, some vendors, who shall
    remain nameless, can't even get their sendmail to speak SMTP
    on a LAN.

    There are several versions of sendmail extant in the world.  There
    is no "latest" version.  If you want to use sendmail, it is strongly
    recommended that you obtain "IDA sendmail".  The IDA version is much
    more likely to do the right things with mail coming from, or
    ultimately going to, UUCP sites and is much easier to maintain.  IDA
    sendmail can handle pathalias-style UUCP routing quite well.  The
    impending release of BSD 4.4 includes a new version, 6.1, of sendmail
|    which has adopted much of the improvements of IDA.

    I am being a bit overly harsh on sendmail.  If you obtain a good
    configuration (like the aforementioned HPUX version), or are willing
    to spend the time to learn it, sendmail will do what you want.
    Well.  IDA sendmail is STRONGLY recommended.  The latest version of
    IDA sendmail is 5.65c, and 5.65d is in beta test.  5.65c is
    available for FTP from ftp.uu.net and uxc.cso.uiuc.edu.  Paul Pomes,
    <[e-mail]>, is controlling the IDA Sendmail releases.

    Sendmail is discussed in comp.mail.sendmail.

    EASE version 3.5 was posted in volume 25 of comp.sources.unix and
    is available from wuarchive.wustl.edu [128.252.135.4] (directory
    /usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume25/ease) and many other c.s.u
    archives.

ZMailer: Author Rayan Zachariassen* <[e-mail]>

    ZMailer is intended for gateways or mail servers or other large site
    environments that have extreme demands on the abilities of the mailer.

    Code and Design features:

    + Strong limits on host impact.
    + Secure design (and hopefully implementation).
    + Natural fit for client/server environments.
    + Extremely customizable configuration mechanism.
    + Flexible database interface with support for: sorted files, unsorted
      files, dbm, ndbm, gdbm, nis (yellow pages), dns (BIND resolver),
      /etc/hosts file, and in-core data.
    + Efficient message queue management.
    + Fast binary-transparent SMTP server and client.
    + Low-technology implementation.

    Default configuration file features:

    + Default configuration will work for most sites.
    + Network protocol support for: smtp, uucp, bitnet, mail to news.
    + An easy way of overriding any external routing information.
    + Automatic handling of mailing lists.

    It is available by anonymous FTP from ftp.cs.toronto.edu:/pub/zmailer.tar.Z
    or ftp.cs.toronto.edu:/distrib/zmailer.tar.Z.

MMDF [reviewed by [e-mail]]

    MMDF is a MTA. It works on the principle that you have communications
    channels, both incoming and outgoing, and it arranges for messages to
    pass between them.

    Strong points include:
    * Ability to turn up and down debugging level on the fly
    * Very strong on authentication, and permission checking.
    * Can block mail based on who it came from, how it got there,
      who it is going to.

    It is older than sendmail, simpler than sendmail, and it is a great
    pity that it was not shipped as standard instead of sendmail.

    It has one major advantage to people in the UK, in that it knows how to
    handle mail addresses in our 'correct' format (Most significant part first,
    e.g. net.uu.uunet), as well as the thing the rest of the world uses :-) :-)

    The accepted wisdom is that MMDF should be replaced with PP, since PP
    is the descendent of MMDF.  We are happy with MMDF, and for many years all
    the UK mail gateways used it.

PP: Author University College London

    PP is a Message Transfer Agent, intended for high volume message
    switching, protocol conversion, and format conversion. It is targeted for
    use in an operational environment, but may also be useful for investigating
    Message related applications. Good management features are a major
    aspect of this system. PP supports the 1984 and 1988 versions of the
    CCITT X.400 / ISO 10021 services and protocols. Many existing RFC 822
    based protocols are supported, along with RFC 1148 conversion to X.400.
    PP is an appropriate replacement for MMDF or Sendmail, and also supports
    SMTP and UUCP mail.

    For more information contact: [e-mail] or [e-mail]
    The latest version is PP-6.0, which was posted in comp.sources.misc,
    volume 27.

SVR4 mail: Author AT&T (description written by Tony Hansen,
    [e-mail])

    The System V Release 4 mail system is a domain-capable mail router and
    delivery program that works in the UUCP zone and on the Internet and
    that is capable of gatewaying between the two.

    SVR4 mail supports SMTP, UUCP mail, alias files, forwarding files,
    mailing list directories, /etc/hosts files, the domain name system, and
    can also query uucp for neighboring sites, automatically.  (System V
    Release 4.1 also allows batching of multiple messages into a single UUCP
    transaction, and allows many addresses to be passed with a single
    message transfer, which can greatly decrease the traffic generated for
    large mailing lists.)  It is also very simple to configure with a
    reasonable certainty of correctness.

    It also supports mail-to-pipe and mail-to-file.

    SVR4 mail uses configuration files to resolve addresses based on their
    syntax, somewhat similar to sendmail, but using regular expressions and
    a more easily understood syntax. The set of methods that SVR4 mail uses
    for resolving local and remote addresses and hosts is configurable and
    extensible.

    Questions related to SVR4 mail are usually discussed in comp.mail.misc.

    SVR4 mail is a standard part of System V Release 4; unfortunately, some
    vendors have not realized that SVR4 mail is not the same mailer as the
    SVR3 mail system, and have replaced it with other inferior mail systems.

deliver: Author Chip Salzenberg* <[e-mail]>

    Deliver allows any user to write a shell script that processes all
    incoming mail messages for that user.  The system administrator may
    also install scripts that process all messages by installing
    it as the Local Delivery Agent (lmail replacement).

    The output of a script is a list of mail addresses, files and programs
    that should receive the message.  It has access to each message as it
    is processed, so the action can be content dependent.  The script may
    also generate automatic replies, like the "vacation" program, or pass
    along a modified version of the original message.

    Deliver can be used to construct mail-based services (e.g. automatic
    mailing list maintenance).  It can also be used to filter mail
    automatically in prearranged ways (e.g. encryption and decryption,
    tossing junk mail, or vacation notices).

    Deliver was last posted in comp.sources.reviewed, volume 1.  The
    current version is 2.1.09.

procmail: Author Stephen R. van den Berg*
                <[e-mail]>

    Can be used to create mail-servers, mailing lists, sort your incoming mail
    into separate folders/files (real convenient when subscribing to one or
    more mailing lists or for prioritising your mail), preprocess your mail,
    start any programs upon mail arrival (e.g. to generate different chimes on
    your workstation for different types of mail) or selectively forward
    certain incoming mail automatically to someone.

    The accompanying formail program enables you to generate autoreplies,
    split up digests/mailboxes into the original messages, do some very simple
    header-munging/extraction, or force mail into mail-format (with leading
    From line).

    Procmail was designed to deliver the mail under the worst conditions
    (file system full, out of swap space, process table full, file table full,
    missing support files, unavailable executables; it all doesn't matter).
    Should (in the unlikely event) procmail be unable to deliver your mail
    somewhere, the mail will bounce back to the sender or reenter the
    mailqueue (your choice).

    A recent version can be picked up at various comp.sources.misc archives.
    The latest version (2.70) can be obtained directly from the ftp-archive at:
        ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de (137.226.112.31)
        as compressed tar file:         pub/unix/procmail.tar.Z         <128KB
        or in compressed shar format:   pub/unix/procmail.0?.Z

    [Ed note: I had noted reported difficulties in integrating procmail
    with System V and/or smail 2.5.  The 2.70 version of Procmail eliminates
    these difficulties.]

mailagent: Author Raphael Manfredi* <[e-mail]>

    The mailagent is yet another mail filter, written in perl, which will let
    you do anything with your mail. It has all the features you may expect from
    a filter: mailing lists sorting, forwarding to MTA or to inews, pre-processing
    of message before saving into folder, vacation mode, etc... It was initially
    written as an ELM-filter replacement, but has now enough power to also
    supplant MMDF's .maildelivery. There is also a support for @SH mail hooks,
    which allows you to automatically distribute patches or software via command
    mails.

    The mailagent was designed to make mail filtering as easy as it can be. It
    is highly configurable and fairly complete. Rules are specified in a lex-like
    style, with the full power of perl's regular expressions. The automaton
    supports the notion of mode, and header selection has many magic features
    built-in, to ease the rule writing process.

    The distribution comes with a set of examples, an exhaustive test suite,
    and naturally a detailed manual page. It should be noted that the mailagent
    will work even if your system administrator forbids "| programs" hooks in
    the ~/.forward, provided you have access to some sort of cron daemon.

    The mailagent program is available via anonymous FTP thanks to Christopher
    Davis <[e-mail]>:

    Host: ftp.eff.org (192.88.144.4),
    Directory: /pub/net-tools
    File: perl-mailagent.tar.Z

    Recently issued patches can be obtained directly from my mailagent (see
    instructions in the README file).

    [Ed note: while feasible to use this as an LDA, the author recommends against
    it.  Since it is written in Perl, it can cause rather severe performance
    problems on small machines, but it does try to regulate system impact.
    On high performance workstations, it should be a real winner.]

pathalias: Author Peter Honeyman

    Pathalias reads the UUCP Map Project maps (they need to be extracted
    from the postings first) and constructs a database containing the
    minimum cost route to any machine in the maps.  This database can
    then be used with any mailer that knows how to search the database
    (eg: smail 2.5, Zmailer?, and some versions of sendmail.  Smail 3
    comes bundled with pathalias).

    There were previous versions of this program.  You must use
    pathalias version 10 (latest version), because some map format
    changes have been made and only pathalias 10 can parse them.
    If your pathalias doesn't give a syntax error on:
    echo "file {foo}" | pathalias
    It's the new one.

    There were other route-generating programs, but all (as far as
    I know) are very obsolete, and none run as fast as pathalias
    (still, which can be rather hard on machines with smallish virtual
    memory or RAM capacities).

    pathalias 10 is available from comp.sources.unix archives,
    volume 22.  A patch was just released in comp.sources.unix
    (vol 25) that addresses an oddity when used with smail (not that
    I've ever noticed it).

uuhosts: Author John Quarterman

    The "defacto" standard UUCP Map Project map unpacker.  Includes
    a program to arbitrarily view individual map entries.  Uuhosts
    implements trojan horse/virus security by running under
    a "chroot()" system call.  Uuhosts does not appear to be
    actively maintained, and the last versions that I have inspected
    were unable to easily compress the maps (a full set of maps
    is >6000 blocks), had no provision for automatically
    running pathalias, and will not work with the newest version
    of cnews.  Further, uuhost's header checking is so picky
    that the slightest change in the map format will cause
    uuhosts to reject map updates.

    Use of uuhosts now will require some minor hacking - and this
    hacking will stretch your knowledge of Bourne shell programming.

    The last edition, "uuhost4" (version 1.69) appears to have
    been posted in comp.sources.unix in volume 3, 1986.

    Do not be confused by Jan-Piet Mons "uuhost 2.0" program posted
    in alt.sources.  This is not a map unpacker.  It is just
    a map viewer, and is a subset of the real uuhosts.

unpackmaps: Author Chris Lewis* <[e-mail]>

    Unpackmaps is a superset of the functionality of uuhosts.
    It obtains its security by doing the map unpacking with
    a specialized parser that knows the map article format
    rather than invoking a shar/shell.  Compression and pathalias
    invocation is automatic, correctly takes into account
    the change date of local configuration files, and will
    work with the latest Cnews.

|    The newest version of unpackmaps, version 4.1, has been
|    released to comp.sources.misc, and appeared in volume 34.
|    This version is entirely written in C, is considerably faster
|    than unpackmaps 3 or uuhosts, has considerably more features,
|    and will work with Brian Reids PostScript net maps too.
--
Chris Lewis; [e-mail]; Phone: Canada 613 832-0541
Psroff 3.0 info: [e-mail]
Ferret list: [e-mail]
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From: [e-mail] (Starbuck)
Newsgroups: rec.arts.manga,news.answers
Subject: rec.arts.manga: Frequently Asked Questions
Keywords: monthly informative posting
Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
Date: 12 Nov 92 15:58:54 GMT
Followup-To: rec.arts.manga
Organization: the Worlds Welfare Work Association, Rutgers Anime division
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Archive-name: manga/faq


      THE REC.ARTS.MANGA FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS LIST
      ==================================================
                  Edited by
                 Steve Pearl
                 November, 1992

This is a monthly list of questions that have been frequently asked in this
newsgroup.  If you have any questions, additions or corrections, send them to:

Internet: [e-mail]       or     Steve Pearl
CI$: >internet: [e-mail]        359 Lloyd Rd
GEnie:  S.PEARL6                Aberdeen, NJ 07747-1826

Changes to this posting since September, 1992:
- Added o WHY WAS VIDEO GIRL AI MANGA VOLUMES 3 & 5 CENSORED BY THE GOVERNMENT?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

o ARE THERE ENGLISH BOOKS OR MAGAZINES ON THE SUBJECT OF MANGA?
o CAN YOU RECOMMAND SOME GOOD MANGA?
o WHERE CAN I GET MANGA?
o WHERE CAN I GET SCRIPTS OR SYNOPSIS TO SOME OF THE MANGA?
o ARE THERE ENGLISH BOOKS OR MAGAZINES ON THE SUBJECT OF MANGA?
o WHAT IS JAPONISME?
o IS MICHITAKA KIKUCHI & KIA ASAMIYA THE SAME PERSON?
o WHAT IS WIDEBAN OR "WIDE VERSION" MANGA?
o WHAT ARE JAPANESE PHONE CARDS AND PHONE BOOKS ARE AND WHAT THEY HAVE TO
  DO WITH ANIME/MANGA?
o OTAKU, WHAT'S AN OTAKU?  (EXPANDED DEFINITION)
o TRANSLATED MANGA AVAILABLE IN THE USA
o WHY WAS VIDEO GIRL AI MANGA VOLUMES 3 & 5 CENSORED BY THE GOVERNMENT?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o ARE THERE ENGLISH BOOKS OR MAGAZINES ON THE SUBJECT OF MANGA?

Yes, There is a book called "Manga! Manga!" by Frederik L. Schodt,
which examines in detail the history, background, content, etc of
manga in the popular culture.  There is also a magazine called
"Mangajin", which aids in the learning of the Japanese language
through the use of manga.  (Check the "How do I learn Japanese"
section for more detail.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
o CAN YOU RECOMMAND SOME GOOD MANGA?

Check the Rec.Arts.Manga Primer.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
o WHERE CAN I GET MANGA?

Check the Rec.Arts.Manga Resource Guide.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
o WHERE CAN I GET SCRIPTS OR SYNOPSIS TO SOME OF THE MANGA?

Check the FTP Script List, a list of all the scripts available through anonymous FTP, and then some.  Maintained by Kenneth Arromdee at [e-mail].
Also posted monthly on rec.arts.manga
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
o HOW  DO I LEARN JAPANESE?

Edited from the rec.arts.anime faql:

As is to be expected, all manga is in Japanese.  Synopses & scripts
all help to understand what's going on, but they can only cover a
fraction of all the manga being released at a certain time.  A common
question in rec.arts.manga and sci.lang.japan is "What books would you
folks recommend for someone who wants to learn colloquial Japanese?"

The following books have been recommended by persons in this newsgroup as good
sources for learning Japanese.  Of course, they can't replace a live teacher
in a Japanese course at your local university, or practicing with a
Japanese-speaking friend (a GOOD friend, in case you unwittingly commit a
faux-pas :-).

NOTE: If you wish to translate manga yourself and aren't too familiar with
the Chinese characters called Kanji, then you should look for manga
that contains furigana alongside the kanji.  Furigana is small
phonetic writing that gives you the pronunciation and reading of the
complex Chinese characters in Kana.